March 13, 2025

The Enigmatic Case of Justin Martyr's Apologies

The writings of Justin Martyr, a prominent Christian apologist of the 2nd century, present some intriguing questions, particularly concerning his Apologies. Eusebius, a church historian, mentions two Apologies penned by Justin: one during the reign of Antoninus Pius, and another during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This has led to considerable debate among scholars.

Unraveling the Mystery

The central question revolves around whether the two Apologies we possess today are indeed the same ones mentioned by Eusebius. Several theories have emerged:

  • Theory 1: Combined Apology Some scholars propose that what is now called the Second Apology was originally the preface to the First Apology, with the true Second Apology being lost to time.
  • Theory 2: Continuation Another perspective suggests that the existing Second Apology is simply a continuation of the First, implying the loss of a separate, distinct Second Apology.
  • Theory 3: Misattribution A third theory posits that the two Apologies we have are indeed Justin's two Apologies, but that Eusebius was mistaken in attributing the second one to the reign of Marcus Aurelius.
  • Theory 4: Direct Correspondence Finally, some argue that the Apologies we have directly correspond to those mentioned by Eusebius, with our First Apology being his first and our Second Apology being his second.

Examining the First Apology

Justin's First Apology is addressed to Emperor Titus Ælius Adrianus Antoninus Pius Augustus Cæsar, his son Verissimus the Philosopher, Lucius the Philosopher, and the sacred Senate, with the people of Rome. In this address, Justin identifies himself as "Justin, the son of Priscus and grandson of Bacchius, natives of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine." He presents his address and petition on behalf of Christians who are unjustly hated and abused.

Justin emphasizes the importance of reason and truth, urging the emperors to conduct an accurate and searching investigation, free from prejudice and superstition, before passing judgment. He states, "Reason directs those who are truly pious and philosophical to honour and love only what is true, declining to follow traditional opinions, if these be worthless."

The Enduring Relevance

Despite the debates surrounding their origin and dating, Justin Martyr's Apologies remain invaluable resources for understanding early Christian thought and the challenges faced by Christians in the Roman Empire. His emphasis on reason, justice, and the pursuit of truth continues to resonate with readers today.