March 13, 2025

The Enigmatic Apologies of Justin Martyr

Justin Martyr, a prominent figure in early Christian history, left behind a collection of writings that continue to intrigue scholars today. Among these are his Apologies, works aimed at defending Christianity against unjust accusations. However, a persistent question surrounds these texts: are the Apologies we have today the same ones mentioned by Eusebius, the renowned church historian?

The Eusebian Reference

Eusebius refers to two Apologies written by Justin, one during the reign of Antoninus Pius and another during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This seemingly straightforward statement has sparked considerable debate among critics.

The Core of the Debate

Several theories have emerged over time:

  • Theory 1: The Preface Hypothesis: Some scholars propose that what is now known as the Second Apology was originally the preface to the First Apology, implying that the actual Second Apology is lost.

  • Theory 2: The Continuation Hypothesis: Another viewpoint suggests that the Second Apology is merely a continuation of the First, with the true Second Apology being irretrievably lost.

  • Theory 3: Misdated Apology: This theory posits that the two Apologies we possess are indeed Justin's two Apologies, but Eusebius was mistaken in stating that the second was addressed to Marcus Aurelius.

  • Theory 4: The Straightforward Interpretation: Finally, some scholars maintain that the Apologies we have are precisely the ones Eusebius mentioned, with our First Apology being his first and our Second Apology being his second.

The First Apology: An Address to Authority

Regardless of the debate surrounding the two Apologies, the opening of Justin Martyr's First Apology gives a clear indication of the purpose and audience. It is addressed to Emperor Titus Ælius Adrianus Antoninus Pius Augustus Cæsar, his son Verissimus the Philosopher, Lucius the Philosopher (natural son of Cæsar and adopted son of Pius), the sacred Senate, and all the people of Rome. Justin, identifying himself as the son of Priscus and grandson of Bacchius, natives of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine, presents his address and petition on behalf of those unjustly hated and abused—Christians.

A Plea for Justice

Justin's direct approach emphasizes the importance of reason and truth. He argues that true piety and philosophical thinking demand honoring what is true and rejecting worthless traditions. He implores the Emperor and other leaders to conduct a thorough and impartial investigation, free from prejudice and irrational impulses, before rendering judgment. Justin is not seeking flattery or mere approval, but a fair and just assessment of the Christian faith.