The Enigmatic Apologies of Justin Martyr

The writings of Justin Martyr, a prominent figure in early Christian history, continue to spark scholarly debate. Notably, questions surrounding his Apologies, as referenced by Eusebius, have puzzled researchers for centuries. Eusebius mentions two Apologies, one written during the reign of Antoninus Pius, and another during the reign of Marcus Aurelius.

Unraveling the Mystery

The central issue lies in determining if the two Apologies we possess today are indeed the same ones mentioned by Eusebius. Several theories have emerged:

• The Preface Theory: Some propose that what we now recognize as the Second Apology was originally the preface to the First Apology, implying the actual second apology is lost to time.
• The Continuation Theory: Others suggest the Second Apology is simply a continuation of the first, with a separate, distinct second apology remaining undiscovered.
• The Misattribution Theory: Another perspective argues that the two Apologies we have are indeed Justin's two, but Eusebius was mistaken about the addressee of the second apology, incorrectly stating it was addressed to Marcus Aurelius.
• The Direct Correspondence Theory: Finally, some scholars maintain that the two Apologies we have perfectly align with Eusebius's description – our First Apology being his first, and our Second being his second.

The First Apology: An Address and Plea for Justice

The First Apology begins with a direct address "To the Emperor Titus Ælius Adrianus Antoninus Pius Augustus Cæsar, and to his son Verissimus the Philosopher, and to Lucius the Philosopher, the natural son of Cæsar, and the adopted son of Pius, a lover of learning, and to the sacred Senate, with the whole People of the Romans." Justin identifies himself as "Justin, the son of Priscus and grandson of Bacchius, natives of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine," presenting "this address and petition in behalf of those of all nations who are unjustly hated and wantonly abused, myself being one of them."

Justin then makes a compelling argument for justice, emphasizing that "Reason directs those who are truly pious and philosophical to honour and love only what is true, declining to follow traditional opinions, if these be worthless." He urges the emperor and other leaders to conduct a thorough and unbiased investigation, free from prejudice and irrational rumors, before rendering judgment against Christians.

A Call to Wisdom

Justin extends an invitation to the Greeks, urging them to "partake of incomparable wisdom, and be instructed by the Divine Word, and acquaint yourselves with the King immortal." He contrasts the wisdom of the Divine Word with the actions of Greek heroes, highlighting their flaws and the intemperance of their gods.

He calls upon the Greeks to embrace a pure soul, fortified by holiness, and to recognize the transformative power of the Word, which "makes mortals immortal, mortals gods; and from the earth transports them to the realms above Olympus."

Conclusion

The Apologies of Justin Martyr offer invaluable insights into the early Christian perspective on Roman society and the defense of their faith. Despite the ongoing debate surrounding their precise origins and relationship to Eusebius's account, these texts remain essential for understanding the development of Christian thought and its interaction with the broader Greco-Roman world.