From Dominion to Stewardship: A History of the...

From Dominion to Stewardship: A History of the Church and the Environmental Movement

For centuries, the church has been a cornerstone of communities, influencing societal norms and values. But how has this powerful institution viewed and interacted with the natural world? The answer, as this blog post explores, is far from simple. The relationship between the church and the environmental movement is a complex tapestry woven with threads of theological interpretations, historical actions, passionate advocates, and, at times, disheartening inaction. Examining this history reveals a critical understanding of how faith can, and often does, shape our planet's future.

Genesis and the Great Outdoors: Theological Foundations

At the heart of the debate lies the Book of Genesis. The command to "have dominion" over the earth (Genesis 1:28) has historically been interpreted in various ways. Some understood it as a divine license to exploit natural resources for human benefit, a perspective often referred to as "dominion theology." This interpretation, particularly prominent during the industrial revolution, inadvertently justified unchecked resource extraction and environmental degradation.

However, another powerful interpretation emerged, emphasizing "stewardship." This view, gaining traction in recent decades, casts humanity as caretakers responsible for protecting and preserving God's creation. It argues that dominion implies responsibility, not reckless exploitation. Proponents of stewardship point to other biblical passages that highlight God's love for all creation and the importance of caring for the vulnerable. Psalm 24:1, "The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it," serves as a constant reminder that humans are merely tenants, not owners.

These differing theological underpinnings have profoundly influenced the church's engagement with environmental issues throughout history.

Churches in Action (and Inaction): A Historical Timeline

The late 19th century witnessed the rise of conservation movements, but the church's initial response was often muted. While individual clergy members occasionally spoke out against pollution and deforestation, organized church involvement was limited. The focus remained largely on social justice issues directly impacting human populations.

Early 20th Century: The Social Gospel movement, with its emphasis on social reform and addressing societal ills, indirectly touched upon environmental concerns in some instances. However, it wasn't until later that environmentalism became a central tenet of social justice for many within the church.

Mid-20th Century: The publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 sparked a broader environmental awareness. While it wasn’t explicitly religious, Carson’s warning about the dangers of pesticides resonated with some within the faith community. This period also saw the rise of countercultural movements that often embraced environmentalism alongside spiritual exploration.

Late 20th Century – Present: This era witnessed a significant shift, with denominations and individual churches increasingly embracing environmental activism.

• Example 1: The Evangelical Environmental Network (EEN): Founded in 1993, the EEN represents a growing voice within the evangelical community advocating for environmental stewardship based on biblical principles. Their efforts include lobbying for environmental legislation, promoting energy conservation, and educating Christians about climate change.
• Example 2: Local Church Composting Initiatives: In Portland, Oregon, several congregations, including the First Unitarian Church, initiated comprehensive composting programs in the early 2000s, significantly reducing their waste and promoting sustainable practices within their communities. This grassroots effort demonstrated the potential for local churches to effect meaningful change.
• Example 3: Opposition to Logging in the Pacific Northwest: During the controversy surrounding old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest in the 1980s and 90s, some churches actively supported logging industries, arguing that it provided essential jobs and economic stability for their communities. This resistance highlighted the complex economic and social factors influencing the church's environmental stance. This example also highlights how different interpretations of scripture can lead to vastly different actions in real-world scenarios.

These examples demonstrate the spectrum of engagement, from proactive advocacy to outright resistance. The church is not a monolithic entity; its response to environmental challenges is shaped by diverse theological perspectives, regional contexts, and socioeconomic realities.

The Arguments Within: Faith, Science, and Environmental Action

The debate surrounding environmental activism within the church is multifaceted.

Arguments For:

• Creation Care as a Moral Imperative: Proponents emphasize that caring for the environment is a fundamental aspect of Christian discipleship, rooted in the biblical mandate to be stewards of creation.
• Justice for the Vulnerable: Environmental degradation disproportionately affects marginalized communities. Addressing environmental issues is therefore seen as an act of social justice, aligning with core Christian values.
• Preserving God's Creation: Recognizing the inherent value and beauty of the natural world, environmental activism becomes an act of worship and gratitude to God.

Arguments Against:

• Focus on Salvation: Some argue that the church's primary mission is to preach the gospel and lead people to salvation, and that environmental concerns are a distraction from this core purpose.
• Economic Concerns: Protecting the environment often involves regulations that can impact businesses and jobs. Some prioritize economic growth over environmental protection, fearing job losses and economic hardship.
• Skepticism Towards Science: Skepticism about climate change and other environmental issues, sometimes fueled by political ideologies, can hinder engagement with environmental activism.

Navigating these conflicting viewpoints requires careful theological reflection, a willingness to engage with scientific evidence, and a commitment to fostering dialogue within the church community.

Notable Figures: Voices for Creation

Several individuals have played a pivotal role in shaping the church's engagement with environmental issues:

• Lynn White Jr.: His influential 1967 essay, "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," while controversial, challenged the church to confront its role in contributing to environmental problems by promoting a dominion-centered view of nature.
• Wes Granberg-Michaelson: As General Secretary of the Reformed Church in America, he has been a leading voice in promoting environmental stewardship and advocating for climate action within the denomination.
• Barbara Brown Taylor: An Episcopal priest and author, Taylor’s writings explore the sacredness of the natural world and encourage a deeper connection with creation, inspiring many to embrace environmental responsibility.

These figures, and countless others, have challenged the church to reconsider its relationship with the environment and to embrace a more sustainable and just future.

The Present and Future: A Theological Response to Climate Change

Climate change, deforestation, and pollution are no longer abstract threats; they are tangible realities impacting communities worldwide. These challenges are prompting a renewed theological reflection and inspiring new forms of Christian environmental activism.

Many denominations are now developing climate action plans, divesting from fossil fuels, and advocating for policies that promote renewable energy and sustainable development. Local churches are implementing green initiatives, educating their members about climate change, and partnering with environmental organizations to address local environmental challenges.

The urgency of the environmental crisis is forcing the church to confront its past shortcomings and to embrace a more proactive and transformative role. The future of the church's relationship with the environment hinges on its ability to bridge theological divides, embrace scientific understanding, and translate faith into concrete action. By embracing a vision of stewardship, justice, and hope, the church can become a powerful force for environmental protection and a catalyst for a more sustainable future for all.